…which would take a pulse-width-modulated waveform at any frequency, and produce a signal with exactly the same mark/space ratio, but at a nominated frequency (see ‘Why might this be useful?’ below).

In designing a simple spectroscopy setup, we needed to synchronize the speed of a small, inexpensive dc motor precisely to 6000 rpm (100 Hz). Our first idea was to take a phase-frequency detector type ...

Timer4 on the ATmega32U4 (Arduino Leonardo, Micro, Pro Micro) is another one of Microchip/Atmel’s high-speed timers that can be fed by a PLL (phase-locked-loop) multiplied version of the 16MHz system ...

Clock signals provide reference timing to every integrated circuit and electrical system. Consumer applications typically use simple quartz crystals for reference clock generation. Other applications, ...

Configuring a phase locked loop (PLL) for a given frequency synthesis application can simultaneously be both a quick-and easy-process as well as a time-consuming, tedious, and iterative process. This ...

Fractional-N PLLs are a useful class of PLLs and not well understood. This paper explains in simple terms how these differ from a regular integer PLL. Common applications are listed along with a brief ...