Those glaciers disappeared about 10,000 years ago, and everything you see now — plants, animals and even soil — has formed since. So how do you get lush forests where there ... The process of ...

Eventually, enough soil forms and enough nutrients become available such that a climax community, like a forest, is formed. If the site is disturbed after this point, secondary succession occurs.

where species can survive in the soil and quickly recolonize areas after a disturbance. This type of succession is often called secondary succession (Connell & Slayter 1977). Early successional ...