Introduction Heat treating is a controlled process used to alter the physical and mechanical properties of metals and alloys, enhancing their s ...

Stress-strain curves showing significant improvements in the mechanical anisotropy after heat treatment; (c) Diagrams showing the recrystallization process, where equiaxed grains form to eliminate ...

There are a variety of processes involved in the use of machine tools for working with metals. Cold forming involves shaping metal without heat treatment either manually or using a jig ...